Types of Labyrinthitis
General
Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the membranous inner ear, known as the Labyrinth. The inner ear is made up of auditory (hearing) and vestibular (balance) components. The Membranous Labyrinth is enclosed and protected by the Bony Labyrinth. Generally, viral infections affect the Membranous Labyrinth, whilst bacterial infections affect the Bony Labyrinth.
Types of Bacterial Labyrinthitis
Syphilitic Labyrinthitis- This bacterial infection within the inner ear can be present at birth or acquired. Symptoms usually fluctuate and slowly develop. However, there is progression to total loss of balance and hearing. Sudden or acute dizziness or deafness may occur. Signs of Congenital Syphilis are often present too, like chronic inflammation of the eye, known as Interstitial Keratitis. Also there may be Hutchinson's notched teeth, swelling of the forehead (frontal bossing), and saddle-shaped nose.
Toxic Labyrinthitis- Bacterial toxins in the middle ear may pass (diffuse) through the round window within the inner ear. Imbalance and hearing loss may occur. This can be treated antibiotics, or an incision in the eardrum, or draining of the space within the middle ear.
Acute Suppurative Labyrinthitis- This is not common. This bacterial infection can bring about the abrupt onset of vertigo, and it typically the result of a chronic infection of the middle ear which create a hard mass of debris and something known as Cholesteatoma. This mass can wear away the surrounding bone within the inner ear, exposing it to infection. Suppurative Labyrinthitis can also result from inflammation of the Meninges, known as Meningitis.
Viral Labyrinthitis
Known as Vestibular Neuronitis, this is considered to be a result of a viral infection. A gradual onset of vertigo, vomiting and nausea is the typical occurance over a period of several hours. Symptoms peak within the first 24 hours, and then gradually subside over several days. Patients typically completely recover within 6 weeks. Vestibular suppressants such as Diazepam, hydration, and vestibular exercises are the usual forms of treatment.